Colaboración del C. de N. Edgardo Loret de Mola
Responsable de la edición: Rosario Yika Uribe
Fuente: Cinco
siglos del destino marítimo del Perú, de Esperanza Navarro Pantac:
Instituto de Estudios Histórico-Marítimos del Perú, 2016
Efemérides Navales de Hoy 18 octubre
18 de octubre 1595: Fallece Álvaro de Mendaña en la isla Santa Cruz, en su segundo viaje en busca de las Islas Salomón.
Las Islas Santa Cruz que muestra el mapa llevan en realidad el nombre que Francisco de Mendaña le dio a la mayor de las islas (Isla Nendö) que descubrió en su segundo viaje. En 1908 un misionero protestante,, el Reverendo W.C. O'Ferrall describió las Islas Santa Cruz. Aquí la parte inicial de esa descripción:
SANTA CRUZ AND THE REEF ISLANDS.
HISTORICAL SKETCH.
THE cluster of islands which usually goes by the name of Santa Cruz really includes three distinct groups lying between Lat. 9º and 11º South, and Long. 165º and 169º East. These are, the Duff group — or to call them by its native name, Taumako— the Swallow or Reef group, and the three big islands of Santa Cruz (Ndeni), Utupua, Vanikolo. The Reef Islands are all quite small, the largest of them being not more than about four miles in length, while several of the smaller ones only contain a few acres. The Duff group has five small islands. Santa Cruz proper is a fair sized island, 22 miles in length, and 10 or 12 broad. They are very beautiful, and, like all the islands of Melanesia, covered with forest down to their very shores. There is no part of Melanesia more intensely full of interest than this, and the interest is of a threefold kind. Firstly, there is the interest which is attached to its romantic discovery; second, that which is excited by a study of the people themselves, their origin, customs and language; and lastly, there is that all absorbing interest, which will ever attract every loyal Churchman, in the story of the planting of the Church here — a planting which has been watered by the blood of the saintly Patteson.
Santa Cruz was first discovered by the famous Spaniard Alvaro de Mendaña, in the second of the two great voyages which he made from South America across the Pacific. On the first of these, in 1567, he found and named the Solomon Islands. In 1595 he set out a second time, with four ships, intending to re-visit the scene of his first discovery, but, getting into thick weather, he lost his bearings, and when the fog at last lifted, one vessel, the "Almiranta," had disappeared (it was never heard of again) and land was in sight.
Mendaña's first impression was that he had at length reached his destination, but on finding out his mistake, he named the new found land "Santa Cruz," and decided to establish a colony. At first the natives were well disposed to the strangers, but a mutiny broke out amongst the crew, and a friendly chief was murdered by the mutineers. This aroused the hostility of the natives, and in the midst of these troubles Mendaña sickened of fever and died.
After two months' settlement the colony was abandoned, and the Spaniards sailed away to the Philippines. Barely half of the illfated adventurers reached home. De Quiros, who had taken the command after Mendaña's death, made a voyage from Callao in 1605, and discovered Taumako, about 60 miles to the North East of Santa Cruz, and spent ten days there.
In 1766 an English vessel, the "Swallow," commanded by Captain Carteret, sailed round the Horn, and visited the Reefs, which he named after his ship. In 1797, Captain Wilson, commanding a mission vessel, the "Duff," touched at Taumako, and not knowing that the Spaniards had been there 200 years before him, he too gave to the group the name of his ship. At Vanikolo, nearly 60 miles to the South East of Santa Cruz, the great French voyager, La Perouse, lost his life. Such, briefly, is the romantic story of the discovery of these islands.
No less fascination attaches to a study of the people themselves. Some of the islands are inhabited by Melanesians, in others (a few of the Reefs and Taumako) there is a strong strain of Polynesian blood. The features give some evidence of this, while still stronger is the evidence afforded by their language, and the freer intercourse of the sexes. The habit of betel chewing which prevails everywhere connects the Cruzians with Northern Melanesia; there are, however, no powerful chiefs such as are found in the Solomons; in every village there are two or more headmen whose direct authority does not extend beyond that village, though their influence may do so. In the Solomons the canoes are plank-built, but here they are "dugouts" with an outrigger attached, as is the case in Southern Melanesia. The people are not cannibals, nor indeed have they ever been, with the exception perhaps of Vanikolo. The Polynesian customs of whitening the hair with lime, and the use of tumeric are universal.
Like other Melanesians the Cruzians have a belief in a supernatural power or influence, which is possessed to a greater degree by certain persons and things. This is called "Malete." It is "Malete" which enables a man to become rich or powerful. The ghosts of the "great" dead are invoked and their stocks set up in the ghost-house. Stones possessing this "Malete" are owned by some persons and are hired out by their fortunate possessors. At Te-Motu is a large stone called Kio (a bird) upon which offerings are made, to guard the newly planted gardens from the ravages of the bush fowls.
Cruzians have a strong belief in the hereafter, and ghosts of the dead go to Netepapa and thence, to be purified, into the volcano of Tinakula.
They are a hot-blooded excitable race and fighting is very prevalent. Peace can be secured by the payment of money in an ordinary case, but if the feud is a bitter one, it may last for years. Two villages may have such a feud and an honourable peace can only be procured by handing over little boys, to be shot in cold blood by the aggrieved party as an equivalent for the lives lost in battle. In case of a row one may almost always say, with the cynical French monarch, "Cherchez la femme."
The native money is a curious coinage. It consists of a flat piece of rope, about 15 feet in length upon which the red breast feathers of a small bird are gummed. A man will spend days in the forest catching these birds, he covers himself with leaves and imitates their note, the victim is attracted, and settling on one of the twigs which has been smeared with bird lime, is easily taken. The hunter will return home with several of the birds, alive, tied to his belt. When the red feathers have been plucked the bird is released. The money is kept carefully coiled and covered up on the platform over the fireplace. A rich man will sometimes build a hut in the bush for his money. As the feathers wear off the money depreciates in value.
A Cruzian has few tools, a shell adze, a rude drill, a file made from the skin of the giant ray and a shark's tooth complete the list, and yet he is a wonderfully neat workman. From the fibre procured from the bark of a tree he makes fishing lines which are as tough as whipcord. He is a vagabond by nature and seldom remains for long at home. For all his hot blood he is a warm-hearted, loveable fellow and dearly likes a joke. He is a pure creature of impulse and anything like discipline his soul abhors — what the Gospel can do for him has been shown in the lives of some of the converts. Benjamin Teilo, a Matema boy, who offered as missionary to Vanikolo is perhaps one of the brightest examples.
HISTORICAL SKETCH.
THE cluster of islands which usually goes by the name of Santa Cruz really includes three distinct groups lying between Lat. 9º and 11º South, and Long. 165º and 169º East. These are, the Duff group — or to call them by its native name, Taumako— the Swallow or Reef group, and the three big islands of Santa Cruz (Ndeni), Utupua, Vanikolo. The Reef Islands are all quite small, the largest of them being not more than about four miles in length, while several of the smaller ones only contain a few acres. The Duff group has five small islands. Santa Cruz proper is a fair sized island, 22 miles in length, and 10 or 12 broad. They are very beautiful, and, like all the islands of Melanesia, covered with forest down to their very shores. There is no part of Melanesia more intensely full of interest than this, and the interest is of a threefold kind. Firstly, there is the interest which is attached to its romantic discovery; second, that which is excited by a study of the people themselves, their origin, customs and language; and lastly, there is that all absorbing interest, which will ever attract every loyal Churchman, in the story of the planting of the Church here — a planting which has been watered by the blood of the saintly Patteson.
Santa Cruz was first discovered by the famous Spaniard Alvaro de Mendaña, in the second of the two great voyages which he made from South America across the Pacific. On the first of these, in 1567, he found and named the Solomon Islands. In 1595 he set out a second time, with four ships, intending to re-visit the scene of his first discovery, but, getting into thick weather, he lost his bearings, and when the fog at last lifted, one vessel, the "Almiranta," had disappeared (it was never heard of again) and land was in sight.
Mendaña's first impression was that he had at length reached his destination, but on finding out his mistake, he named the new found land "Santa Cruz," and decided to establish a colony. At first the natives were well disposed to the strangers, but a mutiny broke out amongst the crew, and a friendly chief was murdered by the mutineers. This aroused the hostility of the natives, and in the midst of these troubles Mendaña sickened of fever and died.
After two months' settlement the colony was abandoned, and the Spaniards sailed away to the Philippines. Barely half of the illfated adventurers reached home. De Quiros, who had taken the command after Mendaña's death, made a voyage from Callao in 1605, and discovered Taumako, about 60 miles to the North East of Santa Cruz, and spent ten days there.
In 1766 an English vessel, the "Swallow," commanded by Captain Carteret, sailed round the Horn, and visited the Reefs, which he named after his ship. In 1797, Captain Wilson, commanding a mission vessel, the "Duff," touched at Taumako, and not knowing that the Spaniards had been there 200 years before him, he too gave to the group the name of his ship. At Vanikolo, nearly 60 miles to the South East of Santa Cruz, the great French voyager, La Perouse, lost his life. Such, briefly, is the romantic story of the discovery of these islands.
No less fascination attaches to a study of the people themselves. Some of the islands are inhabited by Melanesians, in others (a few of the Reefs and Taumako) there is a strong strain of Polynesian blood. The features give some evidence of this, while still stronger is the evidence afforded by their language, and the freer intercourse of the sexes. The habit of betel chewing which prevails everywhere connects the Cruzians with Northern Melanesia; there are, however, no powerful chiefs such as are found in the Solomons; in every village there are two or more headmen whose direct authority does not extend beyond that village, though their influence may do so. In the Solomons the canoes are plank-built, but here they are "dugouts" with an outrigger attached, as is the case in Southern Melanesia. The people are not cannibals, nor indeed have they ever been, with the exception perhaps of Vanikolo. The Polynesian customs of whitening the hair with lime, and the use of tumeric are universal.
Like other Melanesians the Cruzians have a belief in a supernatural power or influence, which is possessed to a greater degree by certain persons and things. This is called "Malete." It is "Malete" which enables a man to become rich or powerful. The ghosts of the "great" dead are invoked and their stocks set up in the ghost-house. Stones possessing this "Malete" are owned by some persons and are hired out by their fortunate possessors. At Te-Motu is a large stone called Kio (a bird) upon which offerings are made, to guard the newly planted gardens from the ravages of the bush fowls.
Cruzians have a strong belief in the hereafter, and ghosts of the dead go to Netepapa and thence, to be purified, into the volcano of Tinakula.
They are a hot-blooded excitable race and fighting is very prevalent. Peace can be secured by the payment of money in an ordinary case, but if the feud is a bitter one, it may last for years. Two villages may have such a feud and an honourable peace can only be procured by handing over little boys, to be shot in cold blood by the aggrieved party as an equivalent for the lives lost in battle. In case of a row one may almost always say, with the cynical French monarch, "Cherchez la femme."
The native money is a curious coinage. It consists of a flat piece of rope, about 15 feet in length upon which the red breast feathers of a small bird are gummed. A man will spend days in the forest catching these birds, he covers himself with leaves and imitates their note, the victim is attracted, and settling on one of the twigs which has been smeared with bird lime, is easily taken. The hunter will return home with several of the birds, alive, tied to his belt. When the red feathers have been plucked the bird is released. The money is kept carefully coiled and covered up on the platform over the fireplace. A rich man will sometimes build a hut in the bush for his money. As the feathers wear off the money depreciates in value.
A Cruzian has few tools, a shell adze, a rude drill, a file made from the skin of the giant ray and a shark's tooth complete the list, and yet he is a wonderfully neat workman. From the fibre procured from the bark of a tree he makes fishing lines which are as tough as whipcord. He is a vagabond by nature and seldom remains for long at home. For all his hot blood he is a warm-hearted, loveable fellow and dearly likes a joke. He is a pure creature of impulse and anything like discipline his soul abhors — what the Gospel can do for him has been shown in the lives of some of the converts. Benjamin Teilo, a Matema boy, who offered as missionary to Vanikolo is perhaps one of the brightest examples.
18 de octubre 1821: Se da el Reglamento de Cabotaje.
18 de octubre 1886: Se encarga al capitán de fragata Rómulo Espinar la jefatura del Apostadero Naval del Titicaca.
18 de octubre 1951: Llega desde Inglaterra un nuevo dique flotante de 600 toneladas de levante, construido por la firma John I. Thornycroft. Ha sido fondeado en el río Nanay y con él se da inicio a la construcción del Servicio Industrial, que le da autonomía a la Fuerza Fluvial del Amazonas.
18 de octubre 1958: Se efectúa la ceremonia de incorporación a la Armada y de afirmado del pabellón del BAP Órganos, ex Olaya (Si bien no se ha hallado una foto del “Órganos”, si se ha conseguido varias fotos del mismo buque como HCMS “Preserver” - Las 3 fotos lo muestran presumiblemente en Bermuda, en donde sirvió durante WWII. Las patrulleras Fairmile que aparecen abarloadas muestran que cumplió su rol de Depot Ship para el que fue construído. Además se ha conseguido 2 fotos cuando navegó en aguas peruanas como Maruba)
El BAP Órganos fue construido en el astillero Marine Industries Ltd, de Sorel, Quebec, Cánada, para la Real Marina Canadiense (RCN). La RCN lo clasificó originalmente como “Depot Ship” (Buque auxiliar usado como base fija o móvil para submarinos, destructores, barrenas, patrulleras rápidas u otros buques pequeños que tengan espacio limitado para equipos de mantenimiento y para la alimentación, descanso y recreo de sus tripulación) y lo bautizó como “Provider”, con número de casco F100.
La RCN contrató su construcción el 26 de julio de 1941. Fue Lanzado el 12 de enero de 1942. Desplazaba 4,670 toneladas y fue el segundo de la clase “Preserver". Tanto el “Preserver" como el “Provider" fueron eventualmente vendidos al Perú. El Provider pasó a llamarse “Maruba" al ser vendido por la RCN en 1947, para luego ser llamado “Olaya" en 1956 y convertirse en el BAP "Órganos" en 1958. Fue dado de baja en 1961.
(El “Preserver" se convirtió en el "Mariscal Castilla" en 1946, y luego en el BAP "Cabo Blanco" en 1951. Fue rebautizado “Petronap" en 1962, nombre con el que concluyó su carrera al incendiarse cerca al Callao en 1963.)
El Provider, gemelo del Preserver, fue comisionado en Sorel el 1 Diciembre 1942 y llegó a Halifax el 14 de ese mes. Dos flotillas de lanchas Fairmiles debían proceeder al Caribe para aliviar la escasez de patrullera en esa zona y se le ordenó al Provider proceder al Sur para ser su madrina. Zarpó el 19 enero 1943, pero debió regresar debido a daños sufridos en una tormenta y volvió a zarpar 10 días después, arribando a Trinidad el 20 Febrero. Una flotilla de patrulleras Fairmile, la 73ª, se el unión en Guantanamo, Cuba, procediendo con el en marzo a su nueva base en Key West. Retornó a Halifax el 23 Abril y fue asignado a Gaspé Force, adonde llegó el 22 Mayo, y fue subsecuentemente transferido a Sept Iles, donde permaneció desde el 29 Junio hasta Noviembre. A fines de 1943 procedió a Halifax de allí a Bermuda para servir como madrina de las flotillas 70ª y 78ª. El Provider regresó a Halifax el 31 Julio 1944, pero en setiembre procedió a Bermuda, donde se integró a la nueva madrina de base HMCS Somers Isle, y allí permaneció hasta Mayo 1945. Luego procedió a Halifax como buque de abastecimiento de base hasta que se le dió de baja el 22 Marzo 1946, siendo vendido mas tarde ese mismo año a armadores peruanos que lo rebautizaron Maruba. Posteriormente fue comprado por la Armada Peruana y sirvió como BAP Organos hasta que fue dado de baja en 1961.
18 de octubre 1966: A partir de la fecha, la Marina de Guerra proporciona una efectiva y valiosa ayuda a los damnificados del sismo que el día 17 azotó la costa central del país. El BAP Rodríguez y el BAP Larrea se dirigen al puerto de Huacho llevando personal técnico del Ministerio de Fomento y de la Junta de Asistencia Nacional (JAN), así como carpas, frazada y otros enseres de ayuda. Personal voluntario de la Armada dona sangre a bordo del BAP Almirante Grau, y se presta ayuda a las poblaciones aledañas a las dependencias navales.
18 de octubre 1971: Treinta y seis tripulantes de la Compañía de Policía Naval comienzan a ocupar puestos de guardia en la Comandancia General de la Base Naval del Callao, Arsenal Naval, para desempeñar las funciones primarias de una naciente Policía Naval: control de tránsito, control del acceso de personas y otros.
18 de octubre 1978: Crean la “Casa Museo Almirante Grau”, en la calle Tacna N° 662, Piura, inmueble donde nació el Héroe de Angamos (RM. 1001-78-MA/CG).
18 de octubre 1984: La patrulla de combate de la Base Contrasubversiva de Huanta se enfrenta con las fuerzas de la subversión en la localidad de Pucajasa. (La imagen superior muestra - rectángulo rojo y coordenadas geográficas - la ubicación de la localidad de Pucajasa en relación a Huanta y la inferior presenta la localidad de Pucajasa en si)
18 de octubre 2012: En el puerto de Pimentel se inaugura el Paseo de los Héroes Navales y de las Fuerzas Armadas.
18 de octubre del 2012. En presencia de autoridades locales y nacionales fue inaugurado el nuevo Malecón y Paseo de los Héroes Navales en el distrito de Pimentel; desde ese momento, la referida obra quedó abierta al público concurrente al primer balneario de la región. La obra del Paseo de los Héroes Navales exhibe los bustos de tres importantes héroes navales lambayecanos: Elías Aguirre Romero, Diego Ferré Sosa, Juan Fanning García, y del insigne marino piurano Miguel Grau Seminario. En la ceremonia inaugural estuvo presente el comandante general de la Marina de Guerra del Perú, almirante Carlos Tejada Mera; el comandante de la Primera Zona Naval, contraalmirante Oscar Fernández Dávila y el director general de Capitanías y Guardacostas, vicealmirante Edmundo Deville Del Campo. Representando a las autoridades locales estuvieron; el alcalde de Pimentel, José Gonzales Ramírez; el gobernador político regional, José Millones Jacinto; el presidente de la Junta de Fiscales Superiores del Distrito Judicial de Lambayeque, Alejandro Lamadrid Ubillús, entre otras autoridades locales y regionales. Por su parte, el almirante Carlos Tejada Mera, resaltó la importancia de una obra que resalte la historia y civismo de los peruanos, dejando en claro que el ejemplo de estos insignes peruanos ha calado hondamente en las futuras generaciones. De otro lado, Fernando Grau Angulo, bisnieto del héroe nacional Miguel Grau, manifestó su gratitud con la deferencia del municipio y la capitanía de Pimentel, pues mediante esta obra valoran el sacrificio de quienes lucharon por la patria. “Es grato saber que Pimentel recuerde a los héroes de Chiclayo y el Perú, no me queda sino felicitar al alcalde José Gonzales, y al jefe de la capitanía, Renzo Rocha, por el esfuerzo de contribuir a este acto cívico, valorando el sacrificio de aquellos que lucharon por nuestra patria”.
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